{"id":209,"date":"2021-03-30T14:20:34","date_gmt":"2021-03-30T14:20:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/museoupdating.webs.upv.es\/nuevaweb\/?page_id=209"},"modified":"2023-02-23T14:48:58","modified_gmt":"2023-02-23T14:48:58","slug":"grandes-servidores","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/museo.inf.upv.es\/va\/grandes-servidores\/","title":{"rendered":"Grans Servidors"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1600\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/museoinf.webs.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-05-10-at-12.51.03-edited.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5932\" srcset=\"https:\/\/museo.inf.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-05-10-at-12.51.03-edited.jpeg 1600w, https:\/\/museo.inf.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-05-10-at-12.51.03-edited-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/museo.inf.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-05-10-at-12.51.03-edited-1024x576.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/museo.inf.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-05-10-at-12.51.03-edited-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/museo.inf.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-05-10-at-12.51.03-edited-1536x864.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/museo.inf.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/audios_museu.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4096\" width=\"134\" height=\"88\" srcset=\"https:\/\/museo.inf.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/audios_museu.png 912w, https:\/\/museo.inf.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/audios_museu-300x197.png 300w, https:\/\/museo.inf.upv.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/audios_museu-768x505.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 134px) 100vw, 134px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/museo.inf.upv.es\/media\/audios\/secciones\/val\/grans_servidors.mp3\"><\/audio><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Els primers computadors electr\u00f2nics comercials, desenvolupats a partir de la segona meitat del segle XX, tenien unes dimensions considerables i enormes costos d&#8217;instal\u00b7laci\u00f3, operaci\u00f3 i manteniment. Per aquesta ra\u00f3, solament van estar a l&#8217;abast de grans corporacions, entitats governamentals i algunes universitats. De fet, aquests computadors de preus prohibitius se solien llogar, i eren les companyies fabricants, com ara UNIVAC o IBM, les encarregades de la instal\u00b7laci\u00f3 i manteniment del computador, aix\u00ed com de la programaci\u00f3 i actualitzaci\u00f3 de les aplicacions. Nom\u00e9s el personal t\u00e8cnic especialitzat podia interactuar f\u00edsicament amb el computador. La informaci\u00f3 s&#8217;introdu\u00efa mitjan\u00e7ant targetes perforades de cart\u00f3 i cintes magn\u00e8tiques; els resultats s&#8217;obtenien a trav\u00e9s d&#8217;impressores. Els programes eren concebuts i dissenyats per analistes d&#8217;aplicacions, despr\u00e9s les programadores i programadors escrivien el codi i, finalment, les perforistes els traslladaven a les targetes de cart\u00f3 amb m\u00e0quines perforadores.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A partir de la d\u00e8cada dels anys 60 del segle XX, els avan\u00e7os en arquitectura de computadors i sistemes operatius permeteren que la interacci\u00f3 de les persones amb els computadors comen\u00e7ara a canviar. El computador comen\u00e7\u00e0 a ser vist com un servidor o prove\u00efdor de serveis: l&#8217;usuari enviava un treball perqu\u00e8 fora executat en algun moment i esperava la resposta al cap de diverses hores o dies. M\u00e9s tard, els sistemes operatius interactius feren possible que el computador poguera atendre directament i simult\u00e0niament diversos usuaris connectats mitjan\u00e7ant terminals remotes situades a unes poques desenes de metres de dist\u00e0ncia. L&#8217;aparici\u00f3 de les xarxes locals i de sistemes operatius, com ara Unix. en la d\u00e8cada dels anys 80, i d&#8217;internet a partir dels 90, permeteren que la dist\u00e0ncia entre el servidor i els usuaris, ara ja equipats amb un computador personal, no fora un obstacle a la comunicaci\u00f3 amb els servidors i l&#8217;acc\u00e9s als seus recursos computacionals i d\u2019emmagatzematge.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les empreses tecnol\u00f2giques actuals, com ara Google o Amazon, ofereixen els seus serveis a milions de persones a trav\u00e9s d&#8217;internet. Aquests serveis se situen f\u00edsicament en milers de computadors o servidors col\u00b7locats dins d&#8217;armaris o bastidors (<em>racks<\/em>) de centres de dades. Cada servidor \u00e9s un bloc constructiu que disposa de processador, mem\u00f2ria i disc, i no t\u00e9 teclat o pantalla. La ind\u00fastria ha estandarditzat les dimensions f\u00edsiques d&#8217;aquests computadors, aix\u00ed com les condicions d&#8217;instal\u00b7laci\u00f3 i manteniment a fi de garantir uns nivells m\u00ednims de confiabilitat. En els armaris podrem trobar, a m\u00e9s de servidors, altres elements: cabines de discos, commutadors de xarxa, fonts d&#8217;alimentaci\u00f3 ininterrompuda, commutadors de teclat, ratol\u00ed i pantalla, i molts, molt\u00edssims, cables, tant d&#8217;alimentaci\u00f3 el\u00e8ctrica com d&#8217;interconnexi\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En aquesta zona del Museu d&#8217;Inform\u00e0tica s&#8217;exposen diversos computadors i dispositius inform\u00e0tics d&#8217;empreses com ara Hewlett Packard, Fujitsu Siemens, StorageTek, Silicon Graphics o IBM, que han actuat com a servidors durant la seua vida operativa. S&#8217;ha triat la planta baixa per a situar-los per l&#8217;enorme pes d&#8217;algun. Aquests computadors s\u2019utilitzaren en tasques d&#8217;administraci\u00f3, doc\u00e8ncia i c\u00f2mput cient\u00edfic per institucions i grups d&#8217;investigaci\u00f3 de la Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Com a exemple, Hewlett Packard disseny\u00e0 la l\u00ednia de servidors HP 9000 entre 1984 i 2008. El bastidor exposat \u00e9s de l&#8217;any 2000. Cada HP Server disposa de microprocessadors amb arquitectura PA-RISC de 64 bits a 440 MHz, 32 GiB de mem\u00f2ria RAM i sistema operatiu HP-UX, una versi\u00f3 d&#8217;Unix. El sistema d&#8217;emmagatzematge HP SureStore Disk System cont\u00e9 discos d&#8217;alt rendiment i sistemes de ventilaci\u00f3 i alimentaci\u00f3 duplicats per a augmentar la confiabilitat. D&#8217;altra banda, el sistema d&#8217;emmagatzematge HP SureStore Tape Library cont\u00e9 dues biblioteques de cartutxos de cintes magn\u00e8tiques per a efectuar c\u00f2pies de seguretat. Cada biblioteca t\u00e9 un robot amb dos dip\u00f2sits de 5 cintes cadascun. En aquesta l\u00ednia, el dispositiu StorageTek L180, de l&#8217;any 2007, \u00e9s una biblioteca aut\u00f2noma de cintes capa\u00e7 de gestionar un m\u00ednim de 84 cartutxos i arribar als 52 TB en la seua configuraci\u00f3 m\u00e0xima.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Finalment, un altre sistema destacable \u00e9s l&#8217;Altix 3000, presentat per Silicon Graphics el 2003. Orientada al c\u00f2mput cient\u00edfic, es basada en processadors Intel Itanium 2 i sistema operatiu Linux. Com a nota anecd\u00f2tica, el supercomputador Columbia de la NASA, operatiu entre 2004 i 2013, contenia vint sistemes com aquest.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/p>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Els primers computadors electr\u00f2nics comercials, desenvolupats a partir de la segona meitat del segle XX, tenien unes dimensions considerables i enormes costos d&#8217;instal\u00b7laci\u00f3, operaci\u00f3 i manteniment. Per aquesta ra\u00f3, solament van estar a l&#8217;abast de grans corporacions, entitats governamentals i algunes universitats. De fet, aquests computadors de preus prohibitius se solien llogar, i eren les [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-209","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","post"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Grans Servidors - Web del Museo de Inform\u00e1tica 2.0<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/museo.inf.upv.es\/grandes-servidores\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Grans Servidors - Web del Museo de Inform\u00e1tica 2.0\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Els primers computadors electr\u00f2nics comercials, desenvolupats a partir de la segona meitat del segle XX, tenien unes dimensions considerables i enormes costos d&#8217;instal\u00b7laci\u00f3, operaci\u00f3 i manteniment. 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